In Enel, a judgment of 12 May 2022 (C-377/20), the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) complemented the framework for analysing exclusionary abuses developed in earlier case-law, notably where it applies to a context of market liberalisation:

  • Abuse: The concept of “abuse” relates to conduct that departs from “competition on the merits”. Conduct that an equally efficient competitor can replicate is generally not abusive (“equally efficient competitor test”).
  • Anti-competitive effects: While it is not necessary to demonstrate actual anti-competitive effects or the company’s intention to carry out an exclusionary strategy, such factors are relevant in assessing whether the conduct is abusive or not.
  • Harm: Conduct that harms consumers indirectly as a result of its effect on the structure of the market is per se abusive; it is not required to demonstrate an actual or potential direct harm to consumers.
  • Objective justification: The prohibition set out in Article 102 TFEU does not prohibit   conduct that is objectively justified and proportionate, or where the behaviour is counterbalanced or outweighed by pro-consumer efficiency-benefits.

The judgment largely endorses the opinion of Advocate General Rantos (see our blog post), but adds some important nuance.

Background

ENEL, the Italian electricity incumbent, developed an alleged foreclosure strategy by transferring data on customers in the protected market (activities of Servizio Elettrico Nazionale (“SEN”)) for the use in its activities on the free market (activities of Enel Energia (“EE”)). This strategy was a response to mitigate the erosion of SEN’s customer base after the liberalisation of the electricity market in Italy.

By decision of 20 December 2018, the Italian competition authority fined ENEL EUR 93 million for abuse of dominance. In July 2020, the Italian highest administrative court referred the matter to the CJEU for a preliminary ruling to clarify the legal framework for finding non-pricing exclusionary abuses, notably in the context of market liberalisation.

Competition on the merits” and the “equally efficient competitor test

The CJEU confirmed that “not every exclusionary effect is necessarily detrimental to competition”. The finding of abuse of dominant position pre-supposes that such effects are a consequence of departing from “competition on the merits” (see paras 73-75 of the judgment).

The CJEU implemented this notion by referring to the “equally efficient competitor test”, applying the same logic to pricing and non-pricing abuses (see para. 79 of the judgment). The key question is whether the conduct of the dominant company can be replicated by equally efficient competitors. This analytical framework underpinned both the CJEU’s analysis of non-pricing abuses such as the refusal to supply in Bronner (i.e., replication of distribution network) and pricing abuses such as that in TeliaSonera (i.e., ability to reduce margins) – and is now confirmed in Enel.

The CJEU then gave some suggestions on how to apply the “equally efficient competitor test” to data practices in the assessment under Article 102 TFEU:

  • Different conditions of access to a database: The CJEU concluded that SEN should have enabled its customers to receive retail offers from companies that were not part of ENEL on the same terms as ENEL companies (see paras 94-95 of the judgment).
  • Non-discriminatory application of data protection rules: While the rules on data protection are a legitimate consideration, ENEL should have also paid attention not to distort the process of collecting consumer consents, for example, by causing a behavioural bias in its favour (see para. 96 of the judgment).
  • Competitive advantage: The difference in treatment between ENEL and its competitors could have given ENEL a competitive advantage through an increased interest in its services over those provided by its competitors (see paras 97-100 of the judgment).
  • No ability to replicate the behaviour by other undertakings: The CJEU emphasised that no company had a structure capable of providing access to as many consumer details in the protected market as ENEL (see para. 101 of the judgment).

Interestingly, the CJEU did not follow Advocate General Rantos in assessing the importance of data in the competitive process and the extent to which competitors can use alternative data sources to compete on an equal footing with the dominant company. The CJEU focuses instead on the exploitation of means or resources that are available the dominant company.

The CJEU emphasised that when an undertaking loses the legal monopoly it previously held on the market, it must refrain throughout the liberalisation phase from using means available to it as part of its former monopoly and which, as such, are not available to its competitor to strengthen or leverage its market position into adjacent markets (see paras 91-92 of the judgment).

No need to demonstrate actual effects or intent

The CJEU also confirmed that competition authorities do not need to prove actual anti-competitive effects to establish an infringement of Article 102 TFEU. Even if a given practice has been implemented for a longer period of time, it is sufficient that the abuse is established based on predicted (ex-ante) analysis of the capability of a behaviour to restrict competition. That said, the absence of actual exclusionary effects should be taken into account by the competition authority, as it may indicate that the conduct was not per se abusive. The dominant company must provide supporting evidence to demonstrate that this absence results from the inability of the behaviour to produce exclusionary effects and is not caused by other factors.

The CJEU reiterates that an abuse of a dominant position is an objective notion. The dominant company’s intent is therefore not decisive for finding an infringement of Article 102 TFEU. However, similarly to actual effects, proof of intent is an element that may be taken into account to determine the abuse. Thus, the CJEU clarifies what was discussed in Intel (T-286/09)at first instance (see paras 1602 and 1603 of the initial judgment and paras 199-201 of the re-adopted judgment).

No need to demonstrate direct harm to consumers

While the CJEU acknowledges that consumer welfare is the ultimate objective on which competition law is based, it does not require evidence of direct consumer harm in every case. The CJEU concludes that there are two equally important alternative sources of harm to consumer welfare: (i) direct harm  (e.g., higher prices or limited output), and (ii) indirect harm caused by negative changes in the market structure. It is sufficient to prove only one type of harm to establish the infringement of Article 102 TFEU.

Objective justification

The CJEU considers that consumer welfare is the ultimate objective justifying the intervention of competition law to address the abuse of a dominant position. Therefore, the prohibition laid down in Article 102 TFEU does not apply if the anti-competitive effects that may result from the conduct can be counterbalanced by positive effects for consumers (e.g., in terms of price, choice, quality and innovation).

Conclusion

Enel offers guidance on the analysis of exclusionary abuses, including non-pricing data practices, and the application of the “equally efficient competitor test” under Article 102 TFEU. In particular, it emphasises the importance of collecting consumer consents for the data use in a non-discriminatory fashion.

It also clarifies that an incumbent cannot use its client database in a discriminatory manner, without risking falling foul of Article 102 TFEU. This judgment is part of a broader trend across the EU of national competition authorities scrutinising how historic monopolists or public utilities grant access to their data (e.g., ENGIE/GDF Suez in France or Deutsche Bahn in Germany).

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Photo of Johan Ysewyn Johan Ysewyn

Johan is widely respected as a highly skilled European competition lawyer, advising on complex competition issues, including on merger control, anti-cartel enforcement, monopolisation cases and other conduct investigations. He acts as co-head of the firm’s Global Competition group and as managing partner of…

Johan is widely respected as a highly skilled European competition lawyer, advising on complex competition issues, including on merger control, anti-cartel enforcement, monopolisation cases and other conduct investigations. He acts as co-head of the firm’s Global Competition group and as managing partner of the Brussels office.

Clients turn to Johan when they need cutting-edge competition and regulatory advice. He has been advising some of the world’s leading companies for over 30 years on their most complex competition issues. Johan is “an exceptional lawyer who is solution-oriented, has a remarkable ability to rapidly understand our business and has excellent reactivity” (Chambers Global).  Johan “attracts considerable praise for his reliable practice, as well as his great energy and insight into cartel proceedings” (Who’s Who Legal). “Johan Ysewyn has a unique understanding of the EC and a very helpful network of connections across Brussels. (…) One of the best European competition lawyers” (Legal 500).

Johan represents clients from around the world in dealings with competition authorities as well as in court litigation. He has in-depth knowledge of regulatory procedures and best practices as well as longstanding relationships with key regulators, in particular at the European Commission. He has also an active advisory practice covering a range of areas of interest to corporates, including the interplay between ESG goals and competition law, the impact of competition law enforcement on digital markets and broad strategic compliance issues.

Johan’s experience spans many industry sectors, with recent experience in telecoms and information technology, media, healthcare, consumer goods, retail, energy and transport. He has advised on several of the most major merger investigations in recent years. In addition, he has represented clients in many conduct investigations.

Johan’s practice also has a strong focus on global and European cartel investigations. He has acted for the immunity applicants in the bitumen and marine hose cartels, and acted for defendants in alleged cartels in financial services, consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, consumer electronics and price benchmarking in the oil sector. He has acted for the European Payments Council in the first European Commission investigation into standardisation agreements in the e-payments sector. Johan has written and lectured extensively on international cartel and leniency-related issues. He co-authors the loose-leaf European Cartel Digest and lectures on cartel law and economics at the Brussels School of Competition.

Johan is also one of the leading experts on EU State aid issues, working both for beneficiaries and governments. He has advised a number of leading banks and governments, as well as represented major European airlines. From the cases that can be publicly disclosed, he has been involved in the Fortis, KBC, Dexia, Arco, Citadele, airBaltic and Riga Airport State aid cases.

Photo of Laura van Kruijsdijk Laura van Kruijsdijk

Laura van Kruijsdijk is an associate who advises national and international companies from a wide variety of industries on all aspects of international and Belgian antitrust law, including multi-jurisdictional merger control, cartel and leniency issues, abuse of dominance cases and compliance.

Laura has…

Laura van Kruijsdijk is an associate who advises national and international companies from a wide variety of industries on all aspects of international and Belgian antitrust law, including multi-jurisdictional merger control, cartel and leniency issues, abuse of dominance cases and compliance.

Laura has represented clients before the European Commission, the General Court of the EU, the Belgian Competition Authority, the Belgian courts, and the Flemish media regulator.

Laura completed several internships in national and international law firms. In the spring of 2017, Laura completed a traineeship at the European Commission’s Directorate General for Competition.